The spaniards (as our english history books calls the spanish people back then) came on March 16,1521 when the Philippines was discovered by Magellan (or Fernando de Magallanes as he is called in some other books if I am not mistaking). And that is the start of the Spanish era here in the Philippines. The Spanish era ended somewhere in the treaty of Paris or somewhere before the end of the spanish last stand in the battle of Baler. An approxiamte 380 years of spanish influence.
The spanish colonizer could be considered as the second most stingy in terms of sharing the language of the conquerors (the Japanese in WWII didnt share their language to us). The assigned priest here said "the word of God is universal", so they decided to learn the language of the natives instead of teaching the natives the spanish language.
I believe that when they were learning the language of the natives, they found out that some spanish word have no direct or indirect translation to the native language. So the spaniards introduced new words to the people. I guess, when they were teaching new words to the natives, the friars always use the "tu" or "yo" conjugation of the verbs, thus most of the borrowed words are in that form.
Though the spaniards, barely thought us their language, we were able to get or borrow some words for day to day living (like puede, demasiado, viaje, trabajo, cuento, cuenta, etc). Though the original meaning or translation of the words are gone, the object or the subject of the words are still there. "Puede" in tagalog is "can or allowable" unlike its original meaning as a conjugated form of poder. "Viaje" becomes "biyahe" in tagalog which means "to travel". "Trabajo" becomes trabaho in tagalog which means "work". "Demasiado" becomes "di-masiado" in tagalog where "di" is a negative word and "masiado" means "much". "Cuento" becomes "kwento" but still means "story". "Cuenta" becomes "kwenta" but still means "account" or "total amount".
Some of the borrowed words changed in spelling as the original alphabet of the Philippines does not include C, Ch, F, J, Ll, Q, X and Z so we use the local alphabet with the same sound to replace those letters.
I also believe we also inherited from Spain the letter "ñ".
Most of the Filipinos, if not a few, knows how to count in spanish. But some can not count after 99 hehehe. I also tried to watch a spanish movie and I can say that I can understand only 5% of the words in the whole movie.
Lo siento. I think i gave a brief history of the Tagalog language and how the spanish language revolutionize it in response to your simple question.
The chabacano language is different. A native spanish speaker would say "it is a deconstructed spanish language, it is neither formal nor informal". I was told that this dialect have a different grammar construction and I am not sure if they use any spanish conjugation. I doubt the latter and I am not familiar with the history of their language. But what is nice about their place is that they have a place called little Spain, I think it is because of their language.